“Article 23 of the Indian Constitution †Tool of...

â€Å"Article 23 of the Indian Constitution – Tool of Protection against Exploitation† TABLE OF CASES * Gaurav Jain v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 3021 * In the matter of: Prison Reforms Enhancement of Wages of Prisoners, AIR 1983 Ker.261 * Labourers Working on Salal Hydro Project v. State of Jammu Kashmir,AIR 1984 SC 177 * Nihal Singh v. Ram Bai, AIR 1987 MP 126 * People’s Union of Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1473 * Raj Bahadur v. Legal Remembrancer, Govt. of West Bengal, AIR 1953 Cal 522 * Ram Kumar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1984 SC 537 * Rohit Vasavada v. Ge. Man., IFFCO, AIR 1984 Guj 102 * R.K Tangkhul v. R.S. Khullakpa, AIR 1961 Man 1 * Sanjit Roy v. State of†¦show more content†¦* Pandey, J.N., ‘The Constitutional Law of India’, 47th Edition. This book contains numerous case laws which are relevant and thus it helps in better understanding of the topic with ease. Also, the case laws are very briefly stated so as to give an idea and gist of the case in a significant manner. CHAPTER II ------------------------------------------------- Right against Exploitation Article 23, being a fundamental Right, have assumed great significance and have become potent instruments in the hands of the Courts to ameliorate the pitiable condition of the poor in the country. According to Article 23 (1), traffic in human beings, beggar, and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Article 23 (1) proscribes three unsocial practices, viz. 1) beggar; 2) traffic in human beings; 3) forced labour. A significant feature of Article 23 (1) is that it protects the individual not only against the State but also against the private citizens. 2.1 ABOLISHMENT OF BEGGAR The term beggar means compulsory work without payment. Beggar is labour or service which a person is forced is forced to give without receiving any remuneration for it. The practice was widely prevalent in the erstwhile princely States in India before the advent of theShow MoreRelatedSocial Justice And Empowerment Assignment3787 Words   |  16 Pagesprogress. We need two kinds of identity for living in any society, those are social and economic who has social power they also will also possess the economic power and for ruling on any society these powers are very important. Due to long time exploitation and ignorance, marginalized people are having their life in harsh poverty, illiteracy, health problem, malnutrition and superstition, etc. In India, we can categorize marginalized people based on caste, gender, disabled, minorities (religious,Read MoreMemorial: How to Prepare for the Moot Court Competition6544 Words   |  27 PagesJournal 2.4 Articles 2.5 Cases 2 3 4 4 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 25 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION STATEMENT OF FACTS ISSUES RAISED SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS BODY OF PLEADINGS PRAYER MEMORIAL ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Abbreviated Forms FDI AIR SC SCC Edn. v. Pg. Hon‟ble Art. UOI Vol. U.S.A. Full Forms Foreign Direct Investment All India Reporter Supreme Court Supreme Court Cases Edition Versus Pages Honourable Article Union ofRead MoreProject Report on Awerness of Consumer Protection Act14651 Words   |  59 Pagesconsumers and this influences individual behavior to a great extant. Consumer awareness is the knowledge that a consumer should have about his/her legal rights and duties. It is must for a consumer to follow these rights. It is implemented for the protection of the consumer, so that the consumer is not exploited by the seller of the products. In the context of a democratic form of government, which depends for its sustenance upon the enlightenment of the populace, awareness is at once a social andRead MoreIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words   |  55 PagesINDIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND VALUES ETHICS IN BUSINESS : NATURE AND TYPES OF INDIAN SOCIETY : 1) Tribal Society : The tribals are economically, educationally and politically backward as compared to the non-tribals. One scholar has called tribal people â€Å"Backward Hindus†. However there is a sizable number of Tribals who are Christian. The tribes of India before independence were considered animistic by the by religion Census authorities. Distinction was made between those who were Hindu andRead MorePlachimada Case Study13995 Words   |  56 PagesCritical Analysis of the Act V. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Plachimada is often cited as a prime example of corporate aggression over natural resources and the consequent denial of the rights of the people. It has also been portrayed as the fight against a multi national corporation by a small section of the local population in order to protect basic human rights, such as the right to drinking water and the right to livelihood. What happened in Plachimada is often raised in discussions about the state’sRead MoreEarly Marriage9846 Words   |  40 Pagesconsidered as a family matter and governed by religion and culture, which ensure its continuity. It remains therefore a widely ignored violation of the rights of girls and women and exposes them to multiple risks, including to sexual abuse and exploitation. Compiled from a study undertaken by Mira, B. AGHI, this paper examines early marriage in the region in order to offer information for analysis and discussion. The Prevalence Of Early Marriage In South Asia It is very difficult toRead MoreChild Labour7466 Words   |  30 Pages†¢ Irrelevant and non-attractive school curriculum †¢ Employers prefer children as they constitute cheap labour and they are not able to organize themselves against exploitation. Causes of Child Labour Some common causes of child labor are poverty, parental illiteracy, social apathy, ignorance, lack of education and exposure, exploitation of cheap and unorganized labor. The family practice to inculcate traditional skills in children also pulls little ones inexorably in the trap of child laborRead MoreWomen as Commodity8915 Words   |  36 Pages(commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and Exploitation While surrogacy in general raises a host of social and ethical problems, I believe that commercial surrogacy in particular can crystallize the difficulties that many people have with surrogacy, and help us get to the core of how surrogacy affectsRead MoreWomen as Commodity8899 Words   |  36 Pages(commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and Exploitation While surrogacy in general raises a host of social and ethical problems, I believe that commercial surrogacy in particular can crystallize the difficulties that many people have with surrogacy, and help us get to the core of how surrogacy affectsRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesConstruction of intercultural citizenship 4.2.7 The agricultural frontier: a new form of internal colonization 4.2.8 Current expressions of external colonization 13 14 14 5 16 16 18 22 22 23 25 26 28 29 31 The Current Situation: Manifestations of ethnic discrimination against Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 34 5.1 Socio demographic situation of Indigenous Peoples Afro-descendent communities 34 5.2 Expressions of racism in Nicaraguan society

Fiscal Sustainability and Stable Balanced Growth

Question: Diacuss about the Fiscal Sustainability and Stable Balanced Growth. Answer: Introduction: In order to understand why a stable economic equilibrium requires the economy to operate at an output level at which the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve, the short run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve and the aggregate demand (AD) curve intersect, it is important to understand the concept of stable equilibrium (Mankiw, 2007). In economics, equilibrium is a state at which the aggregate demand equals aggregate supply to stabilise the price level in the market (Kamiguchi Tamai, 2011). The application of the concept of equilibrium is vital in economics that makes the economists define economics as equilibrium economics. Meanwhile, to understand the concept of stable equilibrium a figure has been demonstrated herein below: In the above figure, the DD curve presents a downward sloping demand curve and the SS curve presents an upward sloping supply curve. In the above diagram, the equilibrium occurs at point E which is also known as the equilibrium point (Kamiguchi Tamai, 2011). The demand and supply curve are balanced at this point and the equilibrium price is P and the equilibrium quantity is Q. When the price rises or fall from the equilibrium price, the following effects can be seen in the market: Surplus: At price level P1, the quantity supplied is at point B and quantity demanded is at point A. Hence, a surplus can be seen in the market that leads to loss of the producers. Deficit: On the other hand, when the price falls to P2, a deficit can be seen in the market because of excess demand and low supply. It is important for an economy to have a stable equilibrium at which the AD curve, the LRAS curve and the SRAS curve intersect. An economy is found to be in equilibrium, i.e. in a stable state, when the planned injections are equal to the planned withdrawals. In other words, the sum of taxation, import spending and savings (T + M + S) must be equal to the sum of government spending, export revenue and investment (G + X + I) (Mankiw, 2007). Meanwhile, the concept can be also explained as planned aggregate supply equal to planned aggregate demand. The LRAS and the SRAS curve has been used to analyse the relationship between the current level of aggregate demand, the short run aggregate supply and the long run aggregate supply top show the short run stability of the economy in relation to the long run potential of the country. It can be seen that the LRAS, the SRAS and the AD curve intersect each other to form the equilibrium point. The short run equilibrium does not coincide with the full employment level of real output to make the economy achieve its economic potential (Hubbard O'Brien, 2006). Hence, two different cases can occur that has been discussed herein below: Insufficient Aggregate Demand The short run equilibrium is less than the long run equilibrium because of not employing the resources to its fullest. As a result of it, the aggregate demand in the short run is less than the aggregate supply in the long run (Wickens, 2008). Hence, it leads to a negative output gap or surplus in the market that has been presented in the diagram given below: As per the classical theory, it is assumed that the economy can adjust itself according to the situation occurring in the market. With minimum government involvement, the economy adjusts itself to shift the SRAS curve from AS to AS1, resulting in a fall in the price level. On the other hand, with a high level of government interference, the monetary policy is used to increase the level of money supply in the market to adjust the short run aggregate supply (Hubbard O'Brien, 2006). Hence, a new stable equilibrium point is found at point e1 as presented in the diagram given below: Hence, it can be seen from the above diagram that the economy adjust the short run supply in such a way that the AD, the SRAS and the LRAS curve intersect each other to make the fuller utilisation of the available resource and attain a stability in the economy (Wickens, 2008). Excess Aggregate Demand Sometimes, it is found that in the short run equilibrium, where the SRAS equals AD is greater that the potential output at the LRAS. An excess aggregate demand can be seen in the market. At this point the short run equilibrium is at a higher real output level than that the economy can produce (Wickens, 2008). A diagram has been presented herein below for better understanding. In this case, the excess demand creates a labour shortage and the wage level rises in the market. It increases the costs and the short run aggregate supply curve rises upward to the left (Ga?rtner, 2003). Hence, reaching a market equilibrium level at point e1 that is presented in the diagram given below: Hence, it can be seen from the above analysis that to have a stable equilibrium, an economy must produce at an real output level at which the AD curve, the SRAS curve and the LRAS curve intersect each other. Or else, the economy may underutilise or over-utilise the resources that are available in the market in the long run. In other words, any output level below or above the stable equilibrium point may result in a deficit or surplus in the market. References Equilibrium. (2017).Economicsonline.co.uk. Retrieved January 2017, from https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Managing_the_economy/Equilibrium.html Ga?rtner, M. (2003).Macroeconomics(1st ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Hubbard, R. O'Brien, A. (2006).Macroeconomics(1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kamiguchi, A. Tamai, T. (2011). Are Fiscal Sustainability And Stable Balanced Growth Equilibrium Simultaneously Attainable?.Metroeconomica,63(3), 443-457. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics(1st ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Wickens, M. (2008).Macroeconomic theory(1st ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.